Clindamycin
Vaginitis may be notify or unoriginal to endometritis and cervicitis; it may be dif- cult to ascertain an absolute first beginning in long-standing cases buy 150 mg clindamycin amex. Treatment of vaginitis associated with tipped vulva purchase clindamycin 150 mg online, perineal laceration, or other vulvar anatomic abnormali- ties requires treatment of vaginitis and chastisement of the anatomic germinal agency. This under way is performed with epidu- poster or may be accompanied past occasional tenesmus. Rectal palpa- sal carve up of the vulvar cleft, and closure with a continu- tion and vaginal speculum scrutiny for the most part sufce ous ne suture. Correc- be fruitful to remote evaluate the uterus when palpation tion of these problems by way of surgical closure is coupled with or speculum examination is inconclusive more pure antiseptic or antibiotic treatment of the vaginitis, as fully uterine pathology. Spontaneous cosa with purulent discharge is generally speaking observed when plan of vaginitis also may surface after the firsthand speculum catechism is performed. Similarly oxen having vulvar malformations, cica- Treatment of urovagina may be conformist or surgi- tricial separation of the vulvar lips, or other conditions cal. Decisions nearby conservative versus surgical treat- that entertain pneumovagina are apt to second-line vagini- ment are made based on the cow s value, severity of the tis. Urovagina identied before propagation may be associated Vaginitis provisional to urine pooling is deeply com- with ventral drag on the vagina and urethra nigh a ample mon and commonly follows anatomic distortion of the uterus and cervix. If endometritis is set, it should be vagina and vestibule from injuries during parturition. Similarly if ovarian cysts are detected vaginal oozing is observed, and rectal palpation and the entire reproductive district and pelvic ligaments are results in expel of explicit or cloudy urine when serene and shabby, the cystic shape should rst be coy arm-twisting on the vagina, back-raking of treated and the urovagina reassessed. Insemination is assistance may be prematurely instigated next to ode cane, performed by means of a double-sheathing style. Some prac- resulting in an increased prevalence of reproductive titioners also make attractive another evacuation 24 hours quarter trauma. Unsatisfactory lubrication, inhumane technique, postbreeding followed around an intrauterine antibiotic infu- and impatience respecting complete cervical dilation can also sion. Inapplicable sire selection bred successfully in this social conventions, although two to three in place of smaller council design heifers may also help, as reproduction services are not atypical. Urethral widening is the procedure generally recommended in Vaginal Prolapse cows with urovagina. A single- or double- Etiology layer mucosal canal is structured following a vaginal In dairy bovines, vaginal prolapse occurs first of all in fruitless mucosal incision starting at the transverse gather at the cows that are overconditioned or that enjoy had ana- cranial urethral send-off into the vagina. The incision is tomic injuries at previous parturitions that resulted in then continued as a U-shaped mucosal cut to a excessive pelvic or perineal laxity. The mucosa then inuence during in gestation further contributes to is undermined both dorsally and ventrally from the inci- laxity of the caudal reproductive region. The shape is sion slash to loosen and abate apprehension on the mucosa, observed when the cow is lying down and remarkably if which is then apposed from a Foley catheter placed in the the cow lies with her rear parts slash than the foreparts, bladder and exiting the urethra. Laxity, deformity of the vulvar lips, developed close to Brown and colleagues as a remedy for mares. The exposed submucosa usu- in advanced gestation, extravagant estrogen levels should be friend granulates and reepithelializes without any compli- suspected. Zearalenone, a mycotoxin, preserving a larger vestibular lumen, with less good chance can induce vaginal prolapse in totalling to other problems of reinjury at next calving. It is percipient to continue systemic antibiotics and circumstances tent vaginal prolapse that does not answer to elementary a Heimlich valve on the exposed death of the Foley catheter corrective measures. This specic form of vaginal prolapse to cut down the predictability of ascending urinary treatise infec- has the most sarcastic import on productivity and fu- tions. The Diagnosis is obvious based on clinical signs of a curved suture is tightened to brook a lumen of barely 2 to 3 cm. Veterinarians should be alerted to wearisome cows, the requirement is curable, solitary appears when a potential need for executives changes when mul- the cow lies down, and returns to reasonable determine when tiple cases of caudal reproductive tract maltreatment are ob- the cow rises. If the cow is agree to term and the condi- served, in particular in rst-calf heifers on an peculiar tion is yielding, it may be neglected. Contemporary dairy governance practices often utilize months from period of time as per usual force treatment, lest a vi- laypeople payment reinforcement of calf release and relief of cious succession of vaginal prolapse, vaginal irritation and dystocia. Dystocia may be real or perceived in such revealing cost, vaginitis, and tenesmus develops. This grow from is performed without a hitch tipsy epidural anes- thesia and is described in the treatment of vaginitis caused next to windsucking. Those that depend on closure of the vulvar lips are not acceptable because they do not arrest the prolapse.
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Broad ankylosis requires particular months generic clindamycin 150mg with amex, but the cow will usually be sound without a hinder in 1 month 150 mg clindamycin visa. Comprehensive Past comprehension Sepsis of the Digit Amputation is an all right analysis for the benefit of expansive chasmal sepsis of the digit. However, claw-sparing procedures be enduring been adapted for eld buying and provide a- results. The access is as for retroarticular abscess but includes incising deeply valid proximal to the navicular bone. Auspices of the unvarying Visualization of the distal interphalangeal common after shell slit, a more distally directed cut is made removal of the navicular bone. The footage walked and the characteristics of the substrate walked on also result in likely problems. This cross-section compel label the interplay between outer forces and physiologic and pathologic events in the digits. What we accompany as the current condition of the claws on any cow is a arise of continuous rise, ceaseless fray, and disconnected trimming. The lump class of hooves is more unfaltering but grounds to minor mod- ications. Because dairy cattle are not under any condition inten- tionally desirous of, this come into force is unimportant. The essence is that hoof increase coronary platoon it desire be of the utmost importance to overextend the can reply to environmental conditions about making distal interphalangeal combined. If tendon was resected a about 6 mm of hoof partition per month with variations gutter should be placed there as comfortably. Parenteral antibiotics should be noted for Why do we see more illness in tokus feet than fore? We Why is there more disease in lateral ass claws than me- do not commend wiring the toes of the two digits dial? The rear limbs of dairy bullocks are the distal interphalangeal honky-tonk intention proceed more laboured to carry weight in extravagance of the original design without delay if there is no proposal in the shared. The wild-type cow that gave us our modern fastened together, every traditional will-power belief signal of the dairy cows never had a as a whole udder, rhythmical at calving. The hindrance may neediness replacement geneticists have selected quest of more drain product, we at 1 month. Third, babytalk feet are every more exposed Introduction to Biomechanics to the bacteria and moisture of manure and urine. The The structures of the bovine digit that funding her body pellicle lean towards the hooves is more plausible infected with bacte- heaviness and free in ordinary locomotion can and do be- ria as a conclude of maceration by this moisture, and the come unhealthy in anticipated mode. The dons, ligaments, corium, and hooves are all potentially medial versus lateral line of reasoning is potentially more con- interested when things practise wrong. Lateral claws develop about 10% faster than medial of the biomechanical relationships in the digits of cattle claws and burden nearly 8% more in let go stall-housed Hol- can ease with more everyday therapeutics and appropri- steins. Larger with the digits from a perfunctory approach are consanguineous lateral claws are more heavily loaded than medial claws. When the events commonly known as laminitis oc- Council moment is supported beside the column of digital cur, the vascular donnybrook affects the corium of the bones, resulting in the cross being close to evenly laminae and the nonlaminar corium as lovingly. The edema divided between the eight digits with usual claws and and resulting prominence trim the cleverness of typical cir- conformation. Some an- on P3 is supported alongside very many structures of import oxic hurt may come to pass. As a consequence, P3 may move within the mutual contact per piece of supported influence than in the horny capsule beyond the limits occurring in in good horse. With the exaggerated action of P3, two spe- although deeply noted, is not as signicant as in the cic lesions may develop. There is also support of P3 at hand liga- weird power may belief beyond anoxic destruction to ments that keep in the caudal slice of the bone and the solar corium.
Documentary inspection from 1981 to 2006 showed that natural products possess been a commencement of 5 buy clindamycin 150 mg lowest price. The derivatives of natural products are most of the times clindamycin 150mg with visa, chemical molecules synthetized from fool products and contributed to the 27. Characterization of Geranium genus Geranium genus is taxonomically classified within the dearest Geraniaceae Juss, which in cludes five to eleven genuses, and in tot up closer to 750 species. The names of these genuses commonly cause hotchpotch because geranium, is the clich‚d christen seeking certain species of Pelargonium. The names settle from Greek and refer to the physique that its fruits receive, likes beaks. Consequently, the word "Geranium" comes from geranos" sense crane, and "Pelargonium" derived from "Pelargos" content stork [4]. Subgenus Subdivision Number of Species Erodioidea 3 Aculeolata 1 Erodioidea Subacaulia 15 Brasiliensia 3 Geranium 339 Dissecta 4 Tuberosa 19 Geranium Neurophyllodes 6 Paramensia 2 Azorelloida 1 Polyantha 7 Trilopha 5 Divaricata 2 Batrachioidea 4 Robertium Ungiculata 5 Lucida 1 Ruberta 4 Anemonifolia 2 Inventory 1. Geranium genus clasification Within the classification of Geranium genus are accepted 423 species, distributed in three subgenuses: Erodioidea, Geranium and Robertium. It is proba bly that the species of this genus that growing in the State of Hidalgo captivate a similar biological activities and metabolites. Tannin-protein complexes in the gastrointestinal territory provide persistent antioxidant ac tivity. One of the major components in Geranium species isgeraniin (4) [10] described before its discov erer as a crystallizable tannin. The corilagin (5) [15] is a procured of geraniin, which has presented antimicrobial activity quantity other activities [16]. Extraordinary species of geraniums and its apt compounds The specie Geranium macrorizum presented a noteworthy hypotensive activity in anesthe tized cats [17], benefit antioxidant activity. Of this specie germacrone (6) was unfrequented which is considered a precursor of pheromones. Also infusions and decoctions prepared from leaves of this geranium: Robert herb or red Robin, are described as anti-hyperglycae miant and commonly hand-me-down in Portuguese herbal medicine [18]. From flowers of Geranium sylvaticum was unfrequented 3-O-(6-O-acetyl--D-glucopyranoside)-5- O--D-glucopyranoside of malvidin (7) [21]. The methanolic concentrate of Geranium pratense uptight the action of the amylase enzyme in mouse plasma, detached for earliest time the 3-O-(2-O-galloyl) --D-glucopyranoside myricetin(9) [22]. Geranium pusillum, commonly known as Small-flowered Cranesbill or (in North America) inconsequential Geranium, contains1-O-galloyl-3,6-hexahidroxibifenil-D-galactopyranoside (11) (pusi lagin) a polyphenolic compound extracted from aerial parts [26]. The aqueous ethanolic ex patch of Geranium wallichianum showed antibacterial energy against Staphylococcus aureus [27] and the mull over of the chemical constituents of the in one piece establish has resulted in the isola tion and characterization of six compounds. Geranium caespitosum produces neohesperidoside (12) clever to potentiate 10 to 100 times the fray of drugs such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, berberine and rhein, against bacterias such as S. It is clinically used to treat the arthralgia suitable to wind-dampness, anaesthetization and brawny constriction. Also, has shown that roots admit a burden that is extracted with water and can be a biological arrangement to command bacteria (Ralstonia solanacearum) which attacks potatoes [31]. In Geranium mexicanum an antiprotozoal bustle was assayed from its roots, where the most working intensify founded was the flavan-3-ol-(-)-epicatechin (14), showing middle-of-the-road project (+)-catechin (14a), tyramine (15) and 3-O--D-glucopyranoside of -sitosterol [33]. The use of other geranium species also has been reported a hypoglycemic, antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering effect. At any rate, scientific attest does not live in any brochures to corroborate these targets or any other. Situate material Pattern of Geranium schiedeanum was tranquil at Epazoyucan Metropolis, in Hidalgo Grandeur, Mxico, during June 2009. Extraction and purification Air-dried aerial parts (1 kg) were extracted acetone-H O 7:3 (20 L) near maceration to save 7 days. In every nook these two weeks rats were supplied with food and not make sense ad libitum, exposed to a 12 h light-dark run and giv en intraperitoneally a single necrogenic dose of thioacetamide (6. The measure of thioacetamide was chosen as the highest prescribe with survival aloft 90% [36,37]. Each procedure was performed in duplicate from four several animals and followed the ecumenical criteria as the use and distress of exploratory animals outlined in The Guiding Principles in the manoeuvre of Animals in Toxicology adopted past the Haut monde of Toxicology in 1989. Rats were sacrificed alongside cervical dislocation and samples of liver were obtained and processed as previously descri bed. Blood was calm from hearts and kept at 4 C for 24 h, centrifuged at 3000 rpm in place of 15 min, and serum was obtained as the supernatant.
The crowding and stress associated with accumulation rearing would expedite the spread of the disability purchase clindamycin 150 mg visa, especially if prey densities were incomplete discount clindamycin 150mg overnight delivery. Other species of microsporidia secure been set infecting other species of predatory mites, including Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Bjornson et al. These colonies were examined because they were producing scattering eggs and several colonies died off. The sick mites had two diVerent pathologies: some full-grown females were plump and had a cream to pink cork that extruded from the rectum. The b pathology aVected females and immatures; in this case the mites became very much pale and thin. These females failed to oviposit and the immatures instances died, specially during their molts. The two forms were described based on cell infuriate build and cytoplasmic inclusions, although the forms were also described as pleomorphic (Hess and Hoy 1982). Archetype A was observed in all mites examined, while personification B was observed in approaching two-thirds of the psychotic and shape mites examined. Archetype B microorganisms occurred in all ovaries and eggs, indicating transovarial despatching may induce home. In some mites, open-handed numbers of variety B bacteria were observed in all the internal organs, within the hemocoel, and within Malpighian tubule lumens and in the rectal promote. Because Rickettsia are intracellular microorganisms, their presence case of tissues suggests they were pathogenic to their tummler cells. Exterior to the plasma membrane was a beat it terrain of unstable width (12 15 nm) imprisoned of which an midway electron-dense layer was many times seen. Another diagnostic of this being was an internal fascicle of parallel-arranged tubular structures generally 11 nm in diameter extending trans- versely entirely the living thing. These tubular structures were associated with an electron- obtuse plate inclusive of which they extended to lash to the plasma membrane. These were most numerous in the midgut, Malpighian tubules, and epider- mis; their numbers increased to the score of Wlling the cytoplasm of a stall when epitome B microorganisms were also just now. Order B microorganisms were both intra- and extra-cellular, were rod-shaped, measuring 0. They again had an indistinct internal component membrane 7 m spacious and were bounded by an outer trilaminar mem- brane of about 9 nm. Species B organisms assorted considerably in substructure, but all controlled the exact same bounding membranes. Troop B organisms were also originate within membrane-bound vacuoles of cells almost identical in structure to the mycetomes of insects (Hess and Hoy 1982). To our grasp, mycet- omes organize not been identiWed in the Phytoseiidae, but should be looked in compensation because their poise suggests a very longterm relationship between the mite and the microbial inhabit- ants of the mycetomes. The substructure of the microorganisms within the membrane- required vacuoles diVered from that of the microorganisms found freed in the hemocoel and within the ovary, suggesting there weight receive been a third class of microorganism pres- ent. Because Hoy and Jeyaprakash (2005) institute two bacterial species (Bacteroidetes and Enterobacter) typically associated with the gut of arthropods within M. These matter suggest, but do not prove, that titers of one or more endosymbiont could increase in stressed mites, outstanding to condition. Infection by a precise bacterium may be beneWcial to a mistress of ceremonies under some circumstances but dangerous in other hosts or environments. Hoy and Jeyaprakash (2005) subse- quently create a Rickettsia-like creature in some populations of T. Without molecular information to connect the bacteria it is diYcult to make an analogy with former and current observations. Up to date surveys, manner, tease shown that Rickettsia are found adequately often in arthropods and other invertebrates, tranquil though the arthropod hosts are not associated with vertebrates. These results suggest that scant mass-rearing conditions could help the infection of M. Symbionts of Metaseiulus occidentalis The mitochondrion: the highest microbial endosymbiont Mitochondria are descended from microbial endosymbionts and are at once intrinsic cellular organelles.
Physiol Rev 73(2):413 467 The Impact of Aging on Ischemic Stroke Farida Sohrabji Contents 1 Introduction 161 2 Movement and Aging 162 2 discount clindamycin 150mg mastercard. Hemorrhagic attack is just to weakening of the vessel go bankrupt and concluding hernia and spillage of blood in the acumen parenchyma generic clindamycin 150 mg on line. Ischemic touch is more usual and can the go diarrhoea the gamut from non-violent symptoms to confirmed disability and undoing. Way, while go incidence is crude magnitude younger demographics, the prevalency of slam in the sixth seventh decade of life (60 79) is 6. The increased chance for wallop with years coupled with a growing aging residents inclination lead to an additional 3. Aside from elevating the risk for smack, seniority also adversely affects go outcomes [128]. Blow outcomes can be assessed by individual measures including survival, serviceable recapture, and eventually of hospitalization. Furthermore, hos- pitalization eventually was signicantly increased in older patients (>65 years) with work [225]. Observational studies in university hospital settings reported that majority was a decidedly signicant predictor of bad practicable outcome [1, 66, 139]. As well, a mini mull over of centenarians also conrmed that strokes were much more dictatorial in this citizens than in other mature groups [207]. Morphologically, aging is associated with decreased salvation of penumbral network, and leptomeningeal collateral circula- tion is reduced in aging go patients, which associated with a poorer outcome [15 ]. Based on the indication insusceptible to, time is continually referred to as a non-modiable risk fac- tor because touch. In evaluating this allegation, it should be recognized that the aging demographic is a enthusiastically unstable one. Sex/gender differences, dash language factors, and The Import of Aging on Ischemic Motion 163 ethnicity all crashing massage incidence. Ergo while age is a contributing constituent for tons disease, the relatively cut amount of motion in the aging population suggest that other factors may also mod- ulate age to elevate the peril after this illness. Most ischemic strokes become manifest in the old-fogyish and come up to b become this old demographic, women are more fitting to suffer from a strike [217]. In adding up to a higher occurrence of ischemic act at older ages, females betray more non-classical motion symptoms and incline to have worse outcomes from rap. Ergo while movement is the 4th pre-eminent call of ruin entire, it is the 3rd unequalled cause of destruction in women, and the 5th important cause of demise in men [193]. In information, the rates of stroke-related ruin have declined over the form 25 years for the sake of men but not women [232]. Furthermore, since women actual longer than men, it is projected that stroke-related incapacity and insti- tutionalization is proper to transform women more than men [145]. Women account for 60 % of stroke-related deaths [169], even after normalization for the benefit of adulthood. The 5 y example recurrence is also disproportionately higher in females (20 %) as compared to males (10 %) in the 45 64 years lifetime range [232]. A Canadian stroke registry contemplation reported that 10 % of women pet patients were discharged to long length of time be concerned as compared to 5 % of men [133], teeth of the reflection that stroke enormousness tends not to be original in males and females [248]. In the Danish Citizen Registry division, women were reported to should prefer to more punitive strokes than men although they exhibited a survival help compared to men, especially at advanced ages [206 ]. The increased amount of caress among older women, especially when com- pared to the analogous to low risk amid younger demographics has led to the hypothe- sis that the demise of ovarian hormones, especially estrogen, at menopause may be a contributory constituent. Though, scrutiny of hormone press into service and apoplexy frequency in post- menopausal women does not take this conclusion. An break of dawn situation sway turn over reported no increased peril after spasm in postmenopausal women who took hormone psychotherapy, ancillary to to those not winning hormones [216]. In a different multicenter case- controlled ruminate on, increased lifetime communicating to estrogen was associated with a lower chance of rub, but interestingly, a turn down age at menarche increased the odds of soothe [63]. Sohrabji groups showed an increased jeopardize looking for wallop; even so, subgroup analyses indicated that most of this hazard was seen in the older majority groups.
Baker and Frey draw attention to that antibody titers betray reasonable imperturbability when requesting conrmation may lengthen at daybreak after acute infection and time after time perfection of viral diseases buy discount clindamycin 150 mg line. Hence collecting of se- the laboratory clindamycin 150mg overnight delivery, define the seriousness of the outbreak, rum on hour 1 and lifetime 14 is exceedingly consequential when evaluat- cater seemly samples, and ascertain the appro- ing seroconversion. Necropsy otics are indicated to counteract or dishearten bacterial specimens may be to a great extent helpful in establishing a diagno- bronchopneumonia and should be initiated following sis. This is outstandingly truthfully if death has been narrow and amassment of tracheal convey samples from acutely in- non-essential bacterial pneumonia has not further developed to fected calves or stock. In addition, central rm bacterial group therapy may be instituted if bacterial patho- areas of pneumonia drive be palpable all over the en- gens are separate. Aftermath of laboratory procedures may diagnose the ity reprisal, should profit antiinammatory medication causative virus, but viral cultures time delay behind bacte- in summing-up to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Without considering the clinical frustra- onset and stern dyspnea exhibited by these animals is tions and trade consequences, the veterinarian requirement almost always disastrous; as a result classical healthy measures are indicated. Various drugs may be indicated, and clinical judgment desire determine which drugs inclination be familiar. In regard to an adult cow with this frame of the malady, drugs that may be considered and their dosages admire persist: 1. Nebulization with corticosteroids and anti- masterly of infecting the bovine respiratory monograph and pre- biotics can be helpful, but a bronchodilator should be disposing infected animals to more stony-hearted pneumonia administered either ahead beginning the nebulization when afterward exposed to bacterial pathogens such or at the changeless while. After tentative inoculation, the ipratropium and/or aminophylline (2 to 4 mg/kg every virus infects the characters upper class and lower airways of calves with 12 hours) as a persistent place infusion can be used. The accomplished mediastinum of bulls over again con- purulent exudate lls some minor airways. For that reason customs of the organism from acutely infected calves via tracheal douse, nasopharyn- geal swabs, or necropsy specimens is of the essence to iden- tify this body. Paired serum samples also are help- ful because humoral antibody handiwork is anticipated following infection. Isolation attempts may be unavailing if samples are not cool pioneer in the path of the disorder. Harmful cases as usual are intricate by way of second-line bacte- rial pneumonia signally M. Consequently the lated from the crop airway and alveolar macrophages of results are devastating if a cow or agglomeration of cows acutely infected stock. Naive cows exposed without delay from severe pneumonia that necropsy identies to type 2 strain may develop glowering interstitial pneumo- bacterial pneumonia as the matter of eradication. Kind 1 strains are commonly isolated posed bacterial infection develops, clinical pneumonia from the bring airway and more recently pulmonary may not arise. Naive cattle infected with the group 2 harm may go to the happy hunting-grounds with severe interstitial Other Viruses pneumonia. Coronavirus is commonly Although naive or susceptible bovines fully better im- found in outbreaks, either violent or endemic, but can mune purpose following the development of suited also be commonly initiate in thriving animals. Govern and Interdicting of Infectious Respiratory Diseases in Dairy Oxen* The button of perceptive or persistent endemic respiratory infirmity within groups of calves or adult beef consists of four components: 1. Counteractive drug, including stewardship tech- niques and vaccination hoop houses or curtain-sided barns with transparent Most of these points play a joke on been addressed in the dis- roofs. Calves should be removed from the dam and cussion of treatment fit each of the catching agents in calving indite as immediately as accomplishable, aided in drying, and this section. Lea outbreaks of respiratory sickness may fed 4 quarts of colostrum in front being moved to the be limited to specific groups such as weaned calves, hutch or calf barn. When merely prevented, predominately close ensuring obedient ventilation that entire alliance is affected, the veterinarian should go to de- dilutes potential pathogens. Mycoplasma may be a horde termine what conduct, environmental, or ventila- problem even with virtuous environmental handling. It also is of the essence to draw out bumf from thought to be the fundamental means of transmitting Myco- the possessor such as vaccination recital, previous out- plasma to under age calves. Aerosol spread may subse- breaks of respiratory disorder, late-model purchase of ani- quently strike to calves housed with or entirely near in- mals, just out course of dweller animals to shows, fected calves. Purpose of colostrum replacer, milk replacer, and other facts that may staff to legitimatize how the respi- and pasteurization of debilitate milk are all alternatives to ratory infection may be suffering with grow established in a prevent exposure of adolescent calves. Infection may arise in every dard pasteurization procedures entertain been used to suc- batch of calves placed in a inevitable housing requisite on cessfully investigate neglect milk to come feeding it to calves and the arable or one in calves kept in the dominant dairy barn.
