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This could be be- cause the research is on a sensitive issue buy super p-force 160mg without prescription erectile dysfunction age 36, or it might be that the interviewee has a fear of being recorded buy discount super p-force 160 mg line erectile dysfunction treatment guidelines. Taking notes If you intend to take notes, buy yourself a shorthand no- tepad and develop a shorthand style which you’ll be able to understand later (see Chapter 10). It is advisable to write up all notes into a longer report as soon as possible after the interview while it’s still fresh in your mind. It can be tiring taking notes in long interviews, so only arrange one or two per day. You must learn to try and maintain some eye contact while you’re writing, and make sure that you nod every now and again to indicate that you’re still listening. Try also to get one or two verbatim quotations as these will be useful for your final report. THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULE For most types of interview you need to construct an in- terview schedule. For structured interviews you will need to construct a list of questions which is asked in the same order and format to each participant (see Chapter 9). For 68 / PRACTICAL RESEARCH METHODS semi-structured interviews the schedule may be in the form of a list of questions or a list of topics. If you’re new to research, you might prefer a list of questions that you can ask in a standard way, thus ensuring that you do not ask leading questions or struggle for something to ask. However, a list of topics tends to offer more flexibil- ity, especially in unstructured interviews where the inter- viewee is left to discuss issues she deems to be important. By ticking off each topic from your list as it is discussed, you can ensure that all topics have been covered. Often interviewees will raise issues without being asked and a list of topics ensures that they do not have to repeat them- selves. Also, it allows the interviewee to raise pertinent is- sues which you may not have thought about. If you’re nervous about working with a list of topics rather than a list of questions, a good way to overcome this is to ask a few set questions first and then, once you and the interviewee have both relaxed, move on to a set of topics. With practice, you will feel comfortable interviewing and will choose the method which suits you best. If you take time to produce a detailed interview schedule, it helps you to focus your mind on your research topic, enabling you to think about all the areas which need to be covered. It should also alert you to any sensitive or con- troversial issues which could arise. When developing an interview schedule for any type of interview, begin with easy to answer, general questions which will help the in- terviewee feel at ease. HOW TO CONDUCT INTERVIEWS / 69 HOW TO DEVELOP AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULE X Brainstorm your research topic – write down every area you can think of without analysis or judgement. X Work through your list carefully, discarding irrele- vant topics and grouping similar suggestions. X Order these general topics into a logical sequence, leaving sensitive or controversial issues until the end – ask about experience and behaviour before asking about opinion and feelings. X Think of questions you will want to ask relating to each of these areas. If you’re new to research you might find it useful to include these questions on your schedule. However, you do not have to adhere rigidly to these during your interview. X When developing questions, make sure they are open rather than closed. X Become familiar with your schedule so that you do not have to keep referring to it during the interview. Don’t rush straight into the interview unless the interviewee pushes to do so.
STAUFFER and that the advice he had received was more than worth the trip buy cheap super p-force 160 mg on line impotence urban dictionary. Speed is fondly remembered as “The Chief” by the more than 150 residents who have Dr buy super p-force 160mg with amex erectile dysfunction caused by sleep apnea. In appreciation, tor of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery at the Willis C. Campbell Club composed of these Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. All that he did, he did well, whether it was He received a bachelor’s degree from Hastings orthopedic surgery, teaching, fishing, hunting, College in 1959 and a medical degree from gardening, golfing or farming. He completed an internship in would have succeeded in any one of many fields: surgery at Wesley Memorial Hospital in Chicago we in orthopedics are fortunate that he chose our and a residency in orthopedic surgery at the Mayo specialty. From 1965 to 1967, in the middle of his residency, he served in the United States Navy. Stauffer joined the faculty of the University of Iowa as an assistant professor of orthopedic surgery in 1970. Two years later, he began a 19- year tenure at the Mayo Medical School and Clinic, advancing from instructor of orthopedic surgery to full professor. Robinson professor of orthopedic surgery at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and as orthopedic surgeon-in-chief at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He was a trustee of the hospi- tal and served as chairman of its medical staff. He also served on many committees, including the Executive Committee for Surgery and the Reengi- neering Steering Committee, and he was instru- mental in working with his colleagues to reorganize the governance of the Clinical Practice Association of the School of Medicine. His contributions to the clini- cal and research aspects of hip disease were rec- ognized by his peers in the Hip Society who gave him the John Charnley Award for outstanding research in 1988. He served on the board of the American Academy of Orthopedic Sur- geons and on its Committee on Research from 1981 to 1987. He also served as president of the Orthopedic Research Society and on the Execu- tive Committee of the American Orthopedic Association. STEELE He served on the editorial boards of Archives of Surgery and the Journal of Arthroplasty, and 1891–1973 he was editor-in-chief of the Atlas of Orthopedic Surgical Exposure and Advances in Operative On March 29, 1973, Pittsburgh lost one of its out- Orthopedics. He also chaired an advisory panel to standing orthopedic surgeons of the twentieth the United States Food and Drug Administration. Paul had Dick was, first and foremost, a dedicated long been one of the leaders of the specialty, and family man with a very close-knit family. David Silver in 1946 he enjoyed nothing more than attending gatherings became professor of orthopedic surgery at the at the recently created family compound in Idaho, University of Pittsburgh and chief of the orthope- where he could do a little fishing with his sons. His interests were varied; he was an excellent Paul was born in Crenshaw, Pennsylvania, on wood-carver and painter. His early education was in the classic automobiles and had recently begun Crenshaw schools. He weighed his words care- 1915 he took his MD degree at the College of fully and made decisive decisions. Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore, which 1 He died of pneumonia on February 27, 1998, year earlier had been taken over by the Univer- at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He interned from 1915 to 1916 at the Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh and then became the assistant of Dr. A few months after World War I started, he enlisted, and was immediately sent overseas with the Second Orthopedic Unit headed by Dr. Paul was ordered to the Edinburgh War Hospital for training in war surgery, and served under the great Sir Harold Stiles until June 1918, when he joined the American Army in France. Toward the end of June he arrived at Neufchâteau, where be became one of a surgical team that included Dr. The team then became many other original operations included: (1) an attached to Mobile Hospitals No. When he returned home in July femoral neck (1929); (3) a graft between the first 1919, he worked first at Walter Reed Hospital in and second cervical vertebrae for ununited frac- Washington and then at Ford McPherson in tures of the odontoid process (1928); (4) a rota- Atlanta, where he was in charge of the amputa- tion operation for ununited fractures of the carpal tion section.
No one not intimately associated with and to the Association discount 160 mg super p-force impotent rage, he found time to serve his him has any idea how much time and thought he community in its hospitals and in promoting gave to it purchase 160 mg super p-force free shipping erectile dysfunction gene therapy. To him it was not merely a rostrum many movements to aid the physically handi- from which an author might exploit his ideas. He was identified with various Boston must present something that was new, or at least, hospitals, in his early years at the House of the if not wholly new, it must be presented in a better Good Samaritan, later as orthopedic surgeon at form than ever before. In 1911 he became chief the writers that brevity should be an accompani- of the orthopedic service at the Massachusetts ment of clarity in expression, and that it was a General Hospital and continued in that position mistake to rush into print before sufficient time until 1918, when he resigned to go into war had elapsed for a definite opinion to be formed as service. At the time of his death he was orthope- to the soundness of any position taken. His study of club feet July, 1898, he was sent to Cuba as representative published 60 years ago might well be used today of the Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association. Besides his His assignment was to receive supplies sent on great technical contributions, particularly to the hospital ships and to determine the needs of the treatment of tuberculous coxitis and of congeni- men. His first concern was for the sick among our tal hip disease, he introduced the “social point of troops ready to be evacuated to the United States view” into orthopedic surgery by helping found and he made provision for their care on transports. His amazing Answering the call of his country in World War industry is attested by the publication between I, he was largely responsible for the training of 1887 and 1902 of 105 original papers, a textbook, the orthopedic personnel and for the determina- and numerous articles on orthopedic progress in tion of where they should be located after their the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. He himself, eventually, was sent overseas, returning with the rank of Colonel. At the invitation of the China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Foundation, who learned that he contemplated a trip to China in 1922, he gave a series of lectures at the Peking Union Medical College and in one or two other medical centers. BRECK 1909–1993 The son of a pioneer dentist, Louis Breck was born in El Paso, Texas, in 1909. He was educated in local schools and attended Northwestern Uni- versity, from which he received his medical degree in 1933. He returned to El Paso to of the “founding fathers,” the third president of continue his practice and remained active until his the American Orthopedic Association (1889) and retirement in 1979. Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the Harvard To his patients and friends, Dr. He had many innovative 38 Who’s Who in Orthopedics ideas, among which was a McBee card system, widening circle of friends in many different walks enabling him to keep track of the conditions that of life—was conspicuous for his athletic skill. He he was treating and to obtain long-term follow-up represented the hospital at lawn tennis, soccer, and studies on his patients. Breck was active in his water polo; and quickly became a scratch golfer. He was a member of the an ample allowance by a generous father, was able closely knit group of friends who were founders to indulge his hobby in a series of sporting cars. One year later he of 47 patients with hip disease using a cementless graduated as MB BS in the University of London, system consisting of a Urist acetabular cup and within 2 more years had successfully negoti- machined to fit precisely a hip prosthesis was ated the formidable hurdles of the primary and important, because it demonstrated that the use of final examinations for the FRCS (Eng). His first cement was not always necessary in total hip resident appointment at St. The quality of his technique can be house surgeon to Sir George Makins; this was fol- assessed by the fact that no case was complicated lowed by a term as senior house surgeon on the by infection. Bristow’s practical acquain- He died in El Paso on 24 September 1993 and tance with many forms of athletics and sport was barried in Evergreen Cemetery. He had already entered into military commitments as medical officer to the Middlesex Yeomanry and served with this unit in Gallipoli, being mentioned in dispatches for his conduct at the Suvla Bay landing. He returned to England in 1916 to convalesce from an attack of the prevailing dysentery and by a happy conspiracy of events came under the notice of Sir Robert Jones, who was then engaged in forming the staff of the Military Orthopedic Centre at Shepherd’s Bush, London. Bristow’s primary appointment was to organize and take charge of the electro-therapeutic department, but he was soon added to the surgical staff, and then joined the small band of younger orthopedic sur- geons who were to become the devoted disciples of Robert Jones in the post-war years. At Walter Rowley BRISTOW Shepherd’s Bush, Bristow devoted much time and 1882–1947 patience to the study of peripheral nerve injuries, and he made full use of the wealth of clinical and Walter Rowley Bristow was born at Bexley, operative material that came his way. He received his early his appointment on the Committee on Peripheral medical education at St. Thomas’ Hospital Nerve Injuries set up by the Medical Research Medical School, where among his contemporaries Council. Ostensibly he was selected as an expert and close friends were Charles Max Page, in after-treatment, for it brought him into contact Gathorne R. Girdlestone, and Godfrey Martin with the minds of such men as Henry Head and Huggins (later Prime Minister of Southern Wilfred Trotter. During his undergraduate years, disclaim any status as an academic, it became “Rowley”—as he became known to an ever- evident that his mental processes were as 39 Who’s Who in Orthopedics acute as those of the intellectuals, and his keen grace by “Rowley” and his devoted wife.
These one of the men who had discovered the diphtheria toxin in reports announced that injections of toxin from diphtheria or 1888 order 160mg super p-force with visa erectile dysfunction forum. In addition purchase 160mg super p-force otc zinc causes erectile dysfunction, Behring was granted honorary memberships tetanus bacilli led animals to produce in their blood substances in societies in Italy, Turkey, France, Hungary, and Russia. From 1901 Behring and Kitasato dubbed these substances antitox- onward, ill health prevented Behring from giving regular lec- ins. Furthermore, injections of blood serum from an animal tures, so he devoted himself to research. A commercial firm in that had been given a chance to develop antitoxins to tetanus which he had a financial interest built a well-equipped labora- or diphtheria could confer immunity to the disease on other tory for his use in Marburg, Germany. Then, in 1914, Behring animals, and even cure animals that were already sick. The profits from this venture allowed him to keep a including some by Behring himself, appeared in rapid succes- large estate at Marburg, on which he grazed cattle used in sion. That same year, he Behring also owned a vacation home on the island of Capri in was given the title of professor. It was the bacte- In 1896 Behring married the daughter of the director of riologist Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), another of the talented a Berlin hospital. Despite out- associates in Koch’s lab, who was chiefly responsible for stan- ward appearances of personal and professional success, dardizing the antitoxin, thus making it practical for wide- Behring was subject to frequent bouts of serious depression. Working together, Ehrlich and Behring He contracted pneumonia in 1917 and soon after died in also showed that high-quality antitoxin could be obtained Marburg, Germany. A year later he was named a professor and stimulation, as a vaccine; Immune system; Immunity, active, director of the Institute of Hygiene at the University of passive and delayed; Immunity, cell mediated; Immunity, Marburg. Thereafter he focused much of his attention on the humoral regulation; Immunization problem of immunization against tuberculosis. His assump- tion, unfounded as it turned out, was that different forms of the disease in humans and in cattle were closely related. He tried immunizing calves with a weakened strain of the human BEIJERINCK, MARTINUS WILLEM tuberculosis bacillus, but the results were disappointing. Beijerinck, Martinus Willem(1851-1931) Although his bovine vaccine was widely used for a time in Dutch botanist Germany, Russia, Sweden, and the United States, it was found that the cattle excreted dangerous microorganisms afterward. Born in Amsterdam, Martinus Willem Beijerinck was the son Nevertheless, Behring’s basic idea of using a bacillus from of a tobacco dealer who went bankrupt. In response to his one species to benefit another influenced the development of father’s misfortune, Beijerinck would devote most of his sci- later vaccines. In a 1980 interview reported in the New York Times, plants and mottles their leaves. Wolf,” the woman who ran a science Beijerinck, who graduated from the Delft Polytechnic club after school, with inspiring him to become a researcher. School, began his research under the assumption that the He graduated from high school with a keen interest in micro- tobacco mosaic disease was caused by an unidentified bac- biology and entered Pennsylvania State University, where he terium or a parasite. Attempting to isolate the causative agent, received a degree in biochemistry in 1948. Beijerinck filtered the sap of an infected plant to remove all Before entering graduate school, Berg served in the known bacteria; however, the resulting liquid was still infec- United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. In addition, the filtered substance was capable of infect- 1947, he married Mildred Levy; the couple later had one son. The of biochemistry at Western Reserve University (now Case Russian botanist Dmitri Ivanovsky had come up against the Western Reserve University) in Cleveland, Ohio, where he was same type of agent, but had failed to report its existence, a National Institutes of Health fellow from 1950 to 1952 and assuming instead that his research was flawed. He did postdoctoral In 1898 Beijerinck published his work, which main- training as an American Cancer Society research fellow, work- tained that tobacco mosaic disease was caused not by bacteria, ing with Herman Kalckar at the Institute of Cytophysiology in but by a living liquid virus that infected only growing plant Copenhagen, Denmark, from 1952 to 1953. From 1953 to 1954 organs where cellular division allowed it to multiply. This new he worked with biochemist Arthur Kornberg at Washington agent he called a filterable virus, from Latin meaning filterable University in St. Louis Pasteur had speculated about the existence of scholar in cancer research from 1954 to 1957.
