Bystolic
By L. Thordir. University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
The male of sexually dimor- Waterfowl are generally powerful fliers that cruise phic species is typically larger generic bystolic 5 mg on-line arrhythmia uti, more brilliantly pat- with their necks and legs extended purchase bystolic 5 mg without a prescription blood pressure levels of athletes. The plumage of swans is approximately 160 per minute, while some juveniles and the non-breeding males generally re- ducks may exceed 300 wing beats per minute. The patterns of the Canvasback Duck, one of the fastest waterfowl, has downy young are often quite contrasting and distinc- been clocked at 70 mph in flight, but normally cruises tive, and usually include spotting and striping on the at 25 to 35 mph. Males of this subfamily do not assist cruise at 1000- to 3000-foot elevations, but may go as in incubation but, depending on the tribe, participate high as 20,000 feet or more. In Diversity of Anseriformes most ducks, only the male has a left-sided enlarge- Waterfowl species range in size from the diminutive ment of the syrinx (syringeal bulla) (see Figure Pygmy Goose (300 g) to the Trumpeter Swan (13. This structure may be responsible for court- kg), which has a wing spread approaching 2. Normal body weight can vary tremen- communication for defense, warning, recognition and flocking signals. In swans the trachea is elon- Although Anseriformes generally surface feed, they gated and in the Trumpeter Swan it extends into the may also graze or feed by diving. Some species are sternum, turns on itself and reenters the syrinx (see omnivorous while others are strictly herbivorous. Other species seldom come ashore, pre- terfowl are remarkably tolerant of adverse climatic ferring to sleep on the water. They can be maintained successfully in Young Anseriformes easily imprint on humans or most regions of the world. Homosexual and interspecific The growth rate in Anseriformes is usually faster pairs are common under captive conditions. Species from extreme geese (Cereopsis and Egyptian) may be very aggres- latitudes grow faster than those from low latitudes. In captivity, ducks often live 10 to 12 years, and geese and swans com- Physiology 44 monly live for 25 years or more. Mortality rates in Pulse and respiration rates differ so widely in normal free-ranging birds are high. Smaller duck species sur- Anseriformes that they have limited value as indica- vive two to three or possibly up to six breeding sea- tors of disease. Daytime body Some free-ranging ducks are known to survive 16 44 years and geese, 18 years (Table 46. Limited data are available on The heart rate slows dramatically when a bird dives many species, but there is considerable data on Mal- and there is an increased use of oxygen in the blood. Selected serum constituents and hema- tologic parameters were analyzeda from Mallard Heat loss occurs through panting or through the webs of the feet. Anseriformes will try to prevent heat Ducks of both sexes during several stages of repro- loss through the feet by squatting down on them in duction: pre-egg laying, egg laying, incubating, molt- 44 ing and post-reproductive (see Appendix). These findings indicated that clinical chemis- Ducks) are prone to frostbite and subsequent gan- try values must be evaluated with respect to sex, age grene of the toes. Egg-laying activity significantly influenced serum When confined, waterfowl sometimes stress, so a enzyme activity and chemistry concentrations, caus- quiet, dimly lighted enclosure may be preferable. Hard surfaces (con- while other constituents increased by a statistically crete) may damage the plantar foot surfaces, eventu- significant, although lesser, amount. Chain-link enclosures the assays in samples from the drakes also differed should be protected with burlap or other similar by reproductive condition. Gender or reproductive Waterfowl are commonly kept as pairs in small, state of the adult birds did not significantly change planted, open pens with a small pool or stream, or in (P) the cell ratio. Non-laying and laying birds had a large, open, mixed-species groups with a large pond. Pests and predators (rats, snakes, otters, rac- coons, bobcats, opossums, hawks, owls and eagles) may also complicate waterfowl maintenance in large open exhibits. Burying the fence line will discourage some predators from dig- ging under the fence, and electric fencing will discourage terrestrial predators. Some aviculturists use small aviary mesh to cover pens to reduce access by free-ranging birds, pests and predators.
The preliminary phytochemical investigations carried out on various soluble extract reveal the presence of amino acid generic 5mg bystolic with mastercard heart attack grill nyc, glycoside discount 2.5 mg bystolic fast delivery blood pressure medication with hydrochlorothiazide, reducing sugar, sterol, triterpene, saponin and phenolic. Altogether 324 coconuts from the two varieties commonly found in Yangon were divided into 4 stages and analysed for physical and chemical characterization. The sterility of the coconut water before and after exposure to the environment was also studied. The objective was to find out whether the Myanmar coconut water is suitable for oral rehydration, and if so, which stage or stages would be optimal for that purpose. Although there are some differences in the physical characteristics and chemical composition between the coconut waters of the tall and golden varieties, the general composition between the coconut waters of the tall and golden varieties, the general of the coconut water decreased with maturity (e. Despite the apparently low sodium and high potassium content, it is concluded that Myanmar coconut water (particularly the immature stages of both varieties) may be regarded an optimal food- based oral rehydration fluid. Myanmar people had a long cultural background of using traditional remedies, which are still practiced and relied upon about 80% of the rural population. In this paper, authors present some account of Myanmar system of Traditional medicine and Myanmar efforts to functionally integrate two systems of medicine in some areas. Integration of Traditional medicine into modern medicine in the fields of health care system, laboratory research, clinical research, clinical practive, medical education and pharmaceutical production are described. Some constraints faced in practice in integration of two systems are also presented. Myanmar, moving towards the development of integrated medicine is such that it is comprehensive and considering the two systems of medicine as complementary to each other rather than more alternative, thus offering the best possible care and benefit for the patients. The formaulary was produced encompassing 48 traditional drugs as described in the Ministry of Health publication "Formulations Used by the Traditional Medicine Department", October 1982. The formulary describes the composition of the formulations, expressing the individual ingredients in terms of precise weights and measures, their dosages, their uses, the physico-chemical and botanical characteristics of the formulations, their methodologies of analysis, and a summary of their pharmacological and toxicological effects. In addition to the above use, the plant is also used as a tonic, a carminative and a diuretic. The present study was done to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of watery extract of leaves of Camellia sinesis Linn. Watery extraction method was used because it is like tea brew consumed by many people. The nephroprotective effect of extract was studied on albino mice of both sexes weighing 180 to 200gm. The blood samples collected by mean of cardiac puncture were used to determine urea and creatinine. Mice kidneys were made into tissues slides for histological examination at four sites of renal tissues, i. The phytochemical analysis was done with dried powder of leaves of Camellia sinesis Linn. Myanmar green tea powder contained flavonoid and polyphenol which is claimed to be the substances that can give nephroprotective effect. In conclusion, this study proved scientifically that watery extract of Camellia sinesis Linn. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate scientifically the anti-diarrhoeal effects of rhizome of Acorus calamus Linn. The dried powdered of rhizome of Lin-ne was extracted with both water and 95% ethanol to obtain aqueous and ethanolic extract respectively. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic, aqueous extract and dried rhizome powder of Lin-ne showed that they have alkaloids, steroids, tannin, glycoside, saponin, carbohydrate and triterpene. Acute toxicity study of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Lin-ne was performed by using the albino mice. Acute toxicity study of aqueous extract showed no lethality even with the maximum permissible dose of the extract 16g/kg. General screening of pharmacological actions of the extract, no abnormality was detected except slight sedation effect. In vivo study, there was dose-dependent reduction in castor oil-induced diarrhea in all doses (i.
In die- present (some birds lack a gallbladder) generic bystolic 2.5 mg visa arteria ductus deferentis, and the tary-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism purchase 5 mg bystolic mastercard blood pressure 4 year old, the patency of the common bile duct should be deter- parathyroid glands will appear as enlarged circular mined if possible (Color 14. The A small portion of the ventriculus may be observed epicardium should be examined for petechiation. Much of the caudal portion of this heart is roughly triangular with the length slightly organ is obscured by the duodenal loop and pancreas. Any alteration in the size or The proventriculus is located beneath the left liver shape (eg, globose shape) of the heart should be lobe and may not always be visible unless severely noted. The adrenal glands, gonads phology usually are quite subtle grossly and may be and kidneys remain in the carcass. Gas- tween the ventriculus and proventriculus (Color filled intestinal loops and discoloration due to altered 14. It appears as a variably-sized, round to elon- intestinal contents or hemorrhage should be noted. It should be removed and On rare occasions, gastrointestinal lesions may be examined. Examples include gastrointestinal inflammation or infection (viral, bacterial, chlamyd- tract obstruction and impaction in pheasants with ial or protozoal such as atoxoplasmosis). Cytologic proliferative typhlitis secondary to Heterakis isolon- imprints may be made and a small portion removed che infestation, severe nematode or trematode infes- for microbiological culture; the remainder is fixed in tations, surgically-induced visceral adhesions, formalin solution. Excess accumulation of bile may cause In hens, the viscera are reflected on the left side of gross distention of the bile ducts. The liver is re- the dorsal thoracoabdominal cavity to examine the moved, and its color, size and texture are examined communication of the colon and oviduct with the in more detail. The cloacal bursa may be partially visualized, ing several transverse slices through the organ with especially in juvenile birds. Lesions are imprinted and appropriate specimens are fixed for histopathologic examination, and fresh tissue is retained for other Removal and Examination of the Viscera ancillary tests (microbiologic culture or toxicologic analysis) as necessary. At this time the thyroid and parathyroid glands Lobules of thymic tissue, if present, are preserved for also may be collected while they are easily identified. The esophagus, crop and trachea should be opened and the luminal sur- The epicardial surface should be examined for faces and contents examined. The heart of small such as hemorrhage, erosion or ulceration and birds may be transected near the apex and placed plaques or masses should be noted and appropriate whole in formalin solution. In larger birds, the heart portions of tissue imprinted, preserved in formalin may be opened to inspect the valves and chambers; solution and retained for other analyses (see Color sections of tissue may be taken for formalin fixation. The crop contents should be examined carefully, The tongue and oral mucosa should be inspected for especially in cases of unexplained death where poi- erosions, ulcers, plaques or masses. Crop contents freed by transecting the hyoid apparatus and phar- may be collected for analysis if toxicosis is suspected. Gentle The proventriculus and ventriculus are opened and traction is applied to remove the tongue, esophagus, examined for surface erosions or ulcers and foreign crop, trachea and thymus with attached large ves- bodies. The thymus may appear as pale tan to gray lobules of tissue extending along the cervical fascial planes adjacent to the trachea. The esopha- lowing a systematic approach and using ancillary support gus is transected just below the syrinx and lifted services as needed to establish a definitive diagnosis. The ligamentous attachments, air sacs, The final diagnosis is directly proportional to the quality of the specimens submitted and the information provided with them. The ventriculus that have undergone stress may have the uterus and of seed-eating and omnivorous birds has a thick mus- ovaries reduced in size to that of juveniles due to cular wall, and the mucosa has a koilin lining (thick alterations in hormonal secretions. In carnivo- rous and piscivorous birds, the ventriculus may be Removal of the majority of the viscera permits in- fusiform, thinner-walled and blend with the proven- spection of the lungs in situ. A dark red, wet The intestine may be opened in large birds and in- appearance of the lungs suggests pulmonary edema spected for luminal hemorrhage, erosions, ulcera- and hemorrhage, which may accompany acute pul- tions or parasites. Direct visualization of parasites is monary sarcocystosis, polytetrafluoroethylene (Tef- noted and intact organisms may be preserved in lon®) toxicosis, inhalation of noxious gases, carbon appropriate fixatives for later identification (see Ta- monoxide asphyxiation or necrotizing bacterial ble 14. Fungal pneumonia may cosal scrapings should be examined microscopically present as cavitating nodules, the walls of which to identify protozoa (giardia, cryptosporidia), para- have a velvety green lining. In large birds, vari- ous portions of the intestinal tract may be excised Because avian lungs are attached to the dorsal rib- and preserved for histopathologic examination.
